There are many ways to acknowledge the resources you use when you do research. Here are some links that will assist you to create properly organized and formatted in-text citations, footnotes, endnotes, and lists of works cited (bibliographies). Be sure to ask your teacher which format to use. Should you need more help, please ask library staff.
| Web-Based Bibliography Makers | Quoting and Paraphrasing | APA Style |
| Writing Guides | MLA Style | Chicago
Manual of Style Turabian Style |
| Citing Online Databases | Guides for Internet and Electronic Sources | Overview of Several Styles (includes the best overall resource) |
| The Research Project (PowerPoint Presentation for IB Students) | MLA Exercises |
Tips for Writing a Literary Analysis: http://lrc.sierra.cc.ca.us/writingcenter/litanalysis.htm
Purdue University - Many excellent tutorials for all aspects of researching and writing
 | Writing the Literary Analysis (PowerPoint presentation) |
| Writing a Research Paper (Superb resource -- this shows you exactly how to write a paper.) |
Paradigm Online Writing Assistant - Paradigm Online Writing Assistant is a great writing site from Chuck Guilford, author and professor. A particular strength is the help it offers the writer in pre-writing, moving from idea to thesis to crafting the work. Guilford also offers tips and techniques for organizing, revising, and editing writing. In addition there are sections on writing informal, thesis/support, explorative, and argumentative essays, and documenting sources. There is an excellent section on voice, often one of the hardest aspects of writing to learn.
Research Strategy - Provides a clear and logical process to complete a research project.
The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing - Another excellent site covering many aspects of writing.
Guide to Grammar and Writing - Many areas covered from basic grammar to writing the research paper. The Essay & Research Paper Level section provides clear explanations and lots of examples to help you write the thesis statement, introductory and concluding paragraphs, and create transitions between the ideas in your paper.
If you need help with writing a thesis statement, read this:
| The Thesis Statement - http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/composition/thesis.htm |
u-w madison writing center writer's handbook - Provides detailed information on such topics as effective quoting and paraphrasing, and grammar and style. Covers the following types of writing assignments:
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Letters and Application Essays: Application Essays (and Personal Statements), Cover Letters, Business Letters |
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Literary Analysis Papers: Reading Poetry, Using Literary Quotations, Play Reviews |
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Research Papers: Planning and Writing Research Papers, Quoting and Paraphrasing, Writing Annotated Bibliographies |
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Reviews: Reading for a Review, Critical Reviews, Writing a Review of Literature |
Reading, Writing and Researching for History provides a clear explanation of how to complete a research paper, including doing the reading, writing, and organization of the material.
**Research and Documentation Online**
If you only visit one site, make it this one. This superb site by Diana Hacker provides detailed information about citing sources in the humanities, social sciences, history, and sciences. Each area includes a sample paper so that you can see how the citation style should look in the finished product. An invaluable resource.
Citation Style Guides for Internet and Electronic Sources
Describes major types of electronic sources, and citing in APA and Chicago styles.
This guide gives clear examples of how to cite a specific source using the format of any one of four well-known style manuals: APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian. From one section of the Guide to Library Research site from Duke University Libraries.
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources.
| ONLINE! Citation Styles |
This site provides extensive explanation and examples of citation. A superb resource for documenting electronic resources.
The APA style uses a References list and a combination of parenthetical and in-text citation.
U-W Madison Writing Center Writer's Handbook
OWL at Purdue University - Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format
APA Style: Electronic References
The Chicago style uses footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography.
The Chicago Manual of Style - "The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the humanities style (notes and bibliography) and the author-date system. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars." The Tools section provides sample entries.
Research and Documentation Online: History
| Chicago Style Bibliography - gives model entries |
| Chicago Documentation Style (Footnotes Or Endnotes) - gives suggested ways to incorporate references into the text, rules on first and subsequent references, and more. |
This site shows how to document sources using the Chicago style of documentation. Each type of source is demonstrated with a note and a bibliographical entry. Very easy to follow.
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources.
This site provides extensive explanation and examples of citation. A superb resource for documenting electronic resources.
The MLA style uses in-text and parenthetical citations and a Works Cited list. The sites below provide extensive help in MLA-style citation.
OWL at Purdue University - Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
uw-madison writing center writer's handbook - General information about MLA parenthetical citations
| Citing books, articles, and other sources parenthetically in your paper |
| Formatting quotations according to the MLA guidelines |
| Abbreviating references to your sources |
| Italics versus underlining |
Research and Documentation Online: Humanities - Diana Hacker's handbooks are used in thousands of high schools and universities. This page details how to cite MLA style. Superb resource.
Citing Using Footnotes in MLA Style - http://library.nyu.edu/research/rg57.html#footnotes
EasyBib.com - Free, Automatic, Bibliography Formatting, Alphabetizing, and Printing
Concordia University Libraries - http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/turabian.pdf
Provides a printable handout on the Turabian style.
USM Libraries - Turabian Style Guide
A tip sheet on Turabian style.
Subscription Database Wizard - this tool helps you determine how to cite resources from online databases such as E Library Canada.
uw-madison writing center's writer's handbook
This excellent site offers many suggestions and examples on how to quote and paraphrase, as well as how to introduce and punctuate quotations.
Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words
| Practice Exercises in Paraphrasing |
NoodleTools - Smart Tools, Smart Research - Scroll down to Free Tools and select NoodleBib Express. This wonderful resource helps you build a works cited list in either MLA or APA format. Lots of online help provided to guide you.
The resources listed below offer valuable tools. You enter the information and the program supplies the correct punctuation, indention, and order of entries. Then you can save your bibliography online, have it emailed to you, or copy it from the screen into a Word document. You must, however, know how to edit the bibliography if required, so be sure to refer to a style manual for help.
BibMe: Fast & Easy Bibliography Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Turabian - "The fully automatic bibliography maker that auto-fills."
EasyBib: Automatic Bibliography Composer -- MLA style only (unless you have a paid subscription).
SourceAid: Free Writing and Research Help - "SourceAid quickly and accurately assists you to document others’ work in any of the standard writing styles." Includes Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), Council of Science Editors (CSE), and Chicago styles.
This site is the property of M.E. LaZerte High School, Edmonton Public Schools. While you are most welcome to use this site, its organization, all annotations, and most activities are copyrighted, and permission must be sought for their reproduction. E-mail questions to C. Peterson, M.E. LaZerte High School Teacher Librarian, at cynthia dot peterson at epsb dot ca (replace the word "at" with the @ symbol; "dot" with a period). Last updated May 5/08